Running a Git Server

1. Set Up Users, Groups, and Permissions

You will need to be user root for the initial portion of configuration. Create the git user and group and set and unusable password hash with the following commands:

groupadd -g 58 git &&
useradd -c "git Owner" -d /home/git -m -g git -s /usr/bin/git-shell -u 58 git &&
sed -i '/^git:/s/^git:[^:]:/git:NP:/' /etc/shadow

Putting in an unusable password hash (replacing the ! by NP) unlocks the account but it cannot be used to login via password authentication. That is required by sshd to work properly. Next, create some files and directories in the home directory of the git user allowing access to the git repository using ssh keys.

install -o git -g git -dm0700 /home/git/.ssh &&
install -o git -g git -m0600 /dev/null /home/git/.ssh/authorized_keys

For any developer who should have access to the repository add his/her public ssh key to /home/git/.ssh/authorized_keys. First, prepend some options to prevent users from using the connection to git for port forwarding to other machines the git server might reach.

echo -n "no-port-forwarding,no-X11-forwarding,no-agent-forwarding,no-pty " >> /home/git/.ssh/authorized_keys &&
cat <user-ssh-key> >> /home/git/.ssh/authorized_keys

It is also useful to set the default name of the initial branch of new repositories by modifying the git configuration. As the root user, run:

git config --system init.defaultBranch trunk

Finally add the /usr/bin/git-shell entry to the /etc/shells configuration file. This shell has been set in the git user profile and is to make sure that only git related actions can be executed:

echo "/usr/bin/git-shell" >> /etc/shells

2. Create a git repository

The repository can be anywhere on the filesystem. It is important that the git user has read/write access to that location. We use /srv/git as base directory. Create a new git repository with the following commands (as the root user):

install -o git -g git -m755 -d /srv/git/project1.git &&
cd /srv/git/project1.git                             &&
git init --bare                                      &&
chown -R git:git .

3. Populate the repository from a client system

Now that the repository is created, it can be used by the developers to put some files into it. Once the ssh key of the user is imported to git's authorized_keys file, the user can interact with the repository.

A minimal configuration should be available on the developer's system specifying its user name and the email address. Create this minimal config file on client side:

cat > ~/.gitconfig <<EOF
[user]
        name = <users-name>
        email = <users-email-address>
EOF

On the developer's machine, set up some files to be pushed to the repository as the initial content:

mkdir myproject
cd myproject
git init --initial-branch=trunk
git remote add origin git@gitserver:/srv/git/project1.git
cat >README <<EOF
This is the README file
EOF
git add README
git commit -m 'Initial creation of README'
git push --set-upstream origin trunk

The initial content is now pushed to the server and is available for other users. On the current machine, the argument --set-upstream origin trunk is now no longer required as the local repository is now connected to the remote repository. Subsequent pushes can be performed as

git push

Other developers can now clone the repository and do modifications to the content (as long as their ssh keys has been installed):

git clone git@gitserver:/srv/git/project1.git
cd project1
vi README
git commit -am 'Fix for README file'
git push

Access is restricted by the public keys added to git's authorized_keys file and there is no option for the public to export/clone the repository. To enable this, continue with step 4 to set up the git server for public read-only access.

In the URL used to clone the project, the absolute path (here /srv/git/project1.git) has to be specified as the repository is not in git's home directory but in /srv/git. To get rid of the need to expose the structure of the server installation, a symlink can be added in git's home directory for each project like this:

ln -svf /srv/git/project1.git /home/git/

Now, the repository can be cloned using

git clone git@gitserver:project1.git

4. Configure the Server

The setup described above makes a repository available for authenticated users (via providing the ssh public key file). There is also a simple way to publish the repository to unauthenticated users — of course without write access.

The combination of access via ssh (for authenticated users) and the export of repositories to unauthenticated users via the daemon is in most cases enough for a development site.

To start the server at boot time, install the git-daemon.service unit from the blfs-systemd-units-20241211 package:

make install-git-daemon

In order to allow git to export a repository, a file named git-daemon-export-ok is required in each repository directory on the server. The file needs no content, just its existence enables, its absence disables the export of that repository.

touch /srv/git/project1.git/git-daemon-export-ok

Along with the git-daemon.service unit, a configuration file named /etc/default/git-daemon has been installed. Review this configuration file to match your needs.

There are only three options to set in the configuration file:

After starting the daemon, unauthenticated users can clone exported repositories by using

git clone git://gitserver/project1.git

As the base directory is /srv/git by default (or set to a custom value in the configuration), git interprets the incoming path (/project1.git) relative to that base directory so that the repository in /srv/git/project1.git is served.